Near field communication device

ABSTRACT

A near field communication (NFC) device capable of operating by being powered by the field includes an NFC module for generating an electromagnetic carrier signal and modulating the carrier signal according to data to be transmitted, and an antenna circuit coupled to and driven by said NFC module with the modulated carrier signal. An electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter of the NFC device is coupled to the NFC module via output terminals of said NFC module. A powered by the field circuit of the NFC device is adapted to harvest energy from an external field to power said NFC device. The power by the field circuit is coupled to said EMC filter via one or more impedance elements. The NFC device is adapted to be able to operate in one of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode.

The present disclosure generally relates to contactless communication, and more specifically, to a near field communication (NFC) device capable of operating by being powered by the field.

NFC is widely used in a variety of applications including mobile devices, e.g., smartphones and tablets, to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into close proximity such as a few to several centimeters or inches. NFC-enabled mobile devices may be used for ticketing, access control systems, payment services, etc. Usually, the NFC module equipped in a mobile device is powered by the hosting mobile device via some sort of autonomous energy sources due to their mobile character. Such energy sources are usually batteries or accumulators, which can be recharged.

However, it is conceivable that the readiness of operation of the mobile device is not always guaranteed as the battery or the accumulator is unloaded or exhausted. Therefore, it is possible that the NFC functionality of the mobile device is not always available when needed. This, of course, creates problems for a user when he needs to transfer ticket data or access data via secure NFC in order to access a building, a train or train station, a laboratory room, etc. There is a strong demand that the NFC module equipped in a mobile device must still be operable when the battery has been exhausted in order to keep the NFC functionality available. This demand has resulted in considerations of using electric energy that is provided by an electromagnetic field generated by an external reading device. This so called “powered by the field mode” has already been implemented in standard NFC cards and standard cards where a powered by the field circuitry is directly connected with the antenna.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary NFC device using a single-ended antenna. As shown in FIG. 1, the NFC device includes an NFC module 2′, such as type no. PN5xx manufactured by NXP Semiconductors. NFC module 2′ may include a transmitter 3 being adapted to generate an electromagnetic carrier signal, to modulate the carrier signal according to data to be transmitted and to drive an antenna circuit 5 with the modulated carrier signal. NFC module 2′ may further include a receiver 4 being adapted to sense response signals being received at antenna circuit 5 and to demodulate the response signals. NFC module 2′ has output terminals TX1 and TX2 coupled to respective first and second transmitting paths wherein the first and second transmitting paths are coupled to antenna circuit 5. Between the output terminals TX1 and TX2 and antenna circuit 5, the following devices may be switched into the transmitting paths: an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter 6′ comprising two inductors LEMc and two capacitors C_(EMC), a balanced to unbalanced (Balun) transformer 7′ for converting differential antenna matching network to single-end antenna matching network, and an impedance matching network (not shown). It should be noticed that the NFC device of FIG. 1 is not capable of operating by being powered by the field.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary NFC device using a differential antenna configuration. A Balun transformer is not used for this implementation as the system is fully differential. As shown in FIG. 2, a powered by the field circuitry 6 is coupled to the antenna circuit 5 via AC coupling capacitors C4. The powered by the field circuitry may include a rectifier and a limiter. Further, a pair of switches S1 and S2 are used, which are controlled by mode selection means 7. Mode selection means 7 is adapted to switch the outputs of the switches S1 and S2 to ground in a reader mode and optionally in a card mode, so that the second terminals of the AC coupling capacitors C4 are drawn to ground potential, and to switch the outputs of the switches S1 and S2 to the inputs of powered by the field circuitry 6 in a powered by the field mode, such that AC electric energy is fed via the AC coupling capacitors C4 to the inputs of powered by the field circuitry 6 where it is converted into DC electric energy to be used for supplying NFC module 2. It should be noticed that the switches S1 and S2, mode selection means 7, and/or powered by the field circuitry 6 may be configured as discrete components or integrated in NFC module 2.

The NFC device of FIG. 2 as discussed above is capable of operating by being powered by the field radiated by a terminal with which it communicates and without using the power of the device battery. However, the powered by the field circuitry of said NFC device may limit the amount of its output voltage resulting in reduced output power when the NFC device actively transmits in a reader mode or in a card mode.

SUMMARY

A device for contactless communication includes an NFC module being adapted to generate an electromagnetic carrier signal and to modulate the carrier signal according to data to be transmitted; an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter coupled to said NFC module via output terminals of said NFC module; and an antenna circuit coupled to and driven by said NFC module with the modulated carrier signal. Said NFC module further includes a powered by the field (PBF) circuit adapted to harvest energy from an external field to power said device, wherein said powered by the field circuit has a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block. Said device is adapted to be able to operate in a powered by the field card mode.

In one example embodiment, said first impedance block includes a first impedance element internal to the NFC module and a second impedance element external to the NFC module, said first and second impedance elements being arranged in series. And said second impedance block includes a third impedance element internal to the NFC module and a fourth impedance element external to the NFC module, said third and fourth impedance elements being arranged in series.

In one example embodiment, said first impedance element is further coupled to a first switch, said first impedance and said first switch being arranged in parallel. And said third impedance element is further coupled to a second switch, said third impedance element and said second switch being arranged in parallel.

In one example embodiment, said first and second switches are configured to be closed when said device operates in the powered by the field card mode.

In one example embodiment, said first and second switches are configured to be open when said device operates in a reader mode.

In one example embodiment, said first impedance block includes a first impedance element external to the NFC module. And said second impedance block includes a second impedance element external to the NFC module.

In one example embodiment, said first impedance element is further connected in series with a first switch, said first switch being internal to the NFC module. And said second impedance element is further connected in series with a second switch, said second switch being internal to the NFC module.

In one example embodiment, said antenna circuit is a single-end antenna.

In one example embodiment, said device further comprises a balanced to unbalanced (Balun) transformer coupled between the EMC filter and the antenna circuit.

In one example embodiment, said antenna circuit is a differential antenna.

In one example embodiment, said device is incorporated in a mobile device and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

In one example embodiment, said device is adapted to be able to operate in a reader mode.

In one example embodiment, said device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) in a card mode.

In one example embodiment, said device is adapted to perform passive load modulation (PLM) in the powered by the field card mode.

In one example embodiment, said device is an NFC device.

A mobile device for contactless communication includes an NFC module being adapted to generate an electromagnetic carrier signal and to modulate the carrier signal according to data to be transmitted; an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter coupled to said NFC module via output terminals of said NFC module; and an antenna circuit coupled to and driven by said NFC module with the modulated carrier signal. Said NFC module further includes a powered by the field (PBF) circuit adapted to harvest energy from an external field to power said mobile device, wherein said powered by the field circuit is coupled to said EMC filter via one or more impedance elements. Said mobile device is adapted to be able to operate in a powered by the field card mode.

The above discussion is not intended to represent every example embodiment or every implementation within the scope of the current or future Claim sets.

Various example embodiments may be more completely understood in consideration of the following Detailed Description in connection with the accompanying Drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example NFC device.

FIG. 2 is another example NFC device.

FIG. 3 is a first example embodiment of an NFC device.

FIG. 4 is a second example embodiment of the NFC device.

FIG. 5 is a third example embodiment of the NFC device.

FIG. 6 is a fourth example embodiment of the NFC device.

FIG. 7 is a fifth example embodiment of the NFC device.

FIG. 8 is a sixth example embodiment of the NFC device.

While the disclosure is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that other embodiments, beyond the particular embodiments described, are possible as well. All modifications, equivalents, and alternative embodiments falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims are covered as well.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The example embodiments as will be discussed below disclose an NFC device capable of operating by being powered by the field for both single ended antenna and differential antenna configurations. The NFC device supports various NFC functionality as will be discussed below in more detail.

FIG. 3 is a first example embodiment of an NFC device using a single-ended antenna. As shown in FIG. 3, the NFC device includes an NFC module 2 having a transmitter 3 and a receiver 4. Transmitter 3 generates an electromagnetic carrier signal. The carrier signal is modulated according to data to be transmitted. An antenna circuit 5 is driven with the modulated carrier signal. NFC module 2 has output terminals TX1 and TX2 being coupled to first and second transmitting paths wherein the transmitting paths are coupled to antenna 5. Between the output terminals TX1, TX2 of NFC module 2 and antenna circuit 5 the following devices may be switched into the transmitting paths: an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter 6 comprising two inductors L_(EMC) and two capacitors C_(EMC), a balanced to unbalanced (Balun) transformer 7 for converting differential antenna matching network to single-end antenna matching network, and an impedance matching network comprising ohmic resistors and capacitors (not shown).

It should be noted that antenna circuit 5 as depicted in FIG. 3 is a single-end antenna and as such a Balun is required for converting the differential antenna matching topology to a single-ended antenna matching topology. Receiver 4 is well known to those skilled in the art, and thus would not be explained in further detail.

NFC module 2 may further include a powered by the field circuit 8, which is adapted to harvest energy from an external electromagnetic (EM) field by converting AC electric energy into DC electric energy to be used for supplying NFC module 2 and/or the NFC device. The powered by the field circuit may include a rectifier and a limiter. The powered by the field circuit may be connected to the EMC filter according to the example embodiments described in more detail below.

As depicted in FIG. 3, a first input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a first output terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block 9, and a second input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a second output terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block 10. Each of said first and second impedance blocks includes at least one impedance element, which may be one of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a combination thereof.

In this embodiment, first impedance block 9 includes an impedance element 11 external to the NFC module and an impedance element 12 internal to the NFC module and arranged in series with impedance element 11. In one embodiment, second impedance block 10 includes an impedance element 13 external to NFC module 2 and an impedance element 14 internal to said NFC module and arranged in series with impedance element 13.

It should be noted that “internal to the/said NFC module” as used throughout the disclosure means the particular element is integrated inside the NFC module, whereas “external to the/said NFC module” means the particular element is a discrete or separate element from the NFC module.

In this embodiment, impedance element 12 is further coupled to a first switch 15 and arranged in parallel with said first switch. In this embodiment, impedance element 14 is further coupled to a second switch 16 and arranged in parallel with said second switch. Said first and second switches can be configured depending on the operating mode of the NFC device. For example, said first and second switches are configured to be closed when the NFC device operates in a powered by the field mode. This enables more power to be harvested from the external field by the powered by the field circuit. On the other hand, said switches are configured to be open when the NFC device is actively transmitting such as in a reader mode. By opening the switches, more current flows into the receiver of said NFC module, resulting in more output power when the NFC device is actively transmitting.

The NFC device of FIG. 3 is capable of operating in each of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode. In the card mode, the NFC device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) or passive load modulation (PLM) when it is actively transmitting. When active load modulation occurs, the powered by the field circuitry of said NFC device may be switched off in order not to degrade the RF performance. In the case that no power is supplied from a battery, the NFC device performs passive load modulation in the powered by the field card mode when the device is transmitting.

The NFC device of FIG. 3 may be incorporated into a mobile device, e.g., a mobile phone, and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

FIG. 4 is a second example embodiment of the NFC device using a single-ended antenna. This second embodiment and the first example embodiment of FIG. 3 have much in common. The main difference lies in how the powered by the field circuit may be connected to the EMC filter as explained in detail below.

As shown in FIG. 4, a first input terminal of the powered by the field circuit is connected to a first output terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block 9, and a second input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a second output terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block 10. In this embodiment, first impedance block 9 includes impedance element 11 external to said NFC module, and second impedance block 10 includes impedance element 13 external to said NFC module. Each of said first and second impedance elements may be one of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a combination thereof.

As depicted in FIG. 4, impedance element 11 is further arranged in series with a first switch 15, which is internal to said NFC module. Similarly, impedance element 13 is further arranged in series with a second switch 16, which is internal to said NFC module. Said first and second switches can be configured depending on the operating mode of said NFC device. For example, said first and second switches are configured to be closed when the NFC device operates in a powered by the field mode. This enables more power to be harvested from the external field by the powered by the field circuit. On the other hand, said switches are configured to be open when the NFC device is actively transmitting such as in a reader mode. By opening the switches, more current flows into the receiver of said NFC module, resulting in more output power when the NFC device is actively transmitting.

As with the NFC device of FIG. 3, the NFC device of FIG. 4 is also capable of operating in each of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode. In the card mode, the NFC device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) or passive load modulation (PLM) when the device is actively transmitting. In the case that power is not supplied by a battery, the NFC device performs passive load modulation in the powered by the field card mode when the device is transmitting.

The NFC device of FIG. 4 may be incorporated into a mobile device, e.g., a mobile phone, and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

FIG. 5 is a further example embodiment of an NFC device using a single-ended antenna. As with the first and second embodiments discussed above, the main difference lies in how the powered by the field circuit is connected to said EMC filter as explained in detail below.

As shown in FIG. 5, a first input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a first output terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block 9, and a second input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a second output terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block 10. In this embodiment, first impedance block 9 includes impedance element 11 external to said NFC module, and second impedance block 10 includes impedance element 13 external to said NFC module. Each of said first and second impedance elements may be one of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a combination thereof. It should be noted that this embodiment of NFC device does not use one or more switches coupled between the powered by the field circuit and the EMC filter.

The NFC device of FIG. 5 is also capable of operating in each of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode. In the card mode, the NFC device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) or passive load modulation (PLM) when the device is actively transmitting. In the case that power is not supplied by a battery, the NFC device performs passive load modulation in the powered by the field card mode when the device is transmitting.

The NFC device of FIG. 5 may be incorporated into a mobile device, e.g., a mobile phone, and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

FIG. 6 is a fourth example embodiment of the NFC device using a differential antenna. The NFC device of FIG. 6 shares many similarities with the above-described embodiments. A notable difference between the current embodiment and previous embodiments is that the NFC device is fully differential and as such it does not require the use of a Balun transformer. The discussion below focuses on how the powered by the field circuit may be connected to the EMC filter.

As depicted in FIG. 6, in one embodiment, a first input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a first output terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block 9, and a second input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a second output terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block 10. Each of said first and second impedance blocks includes at least one impedance element, which may be one of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a combination thereof.

In this embodiment, first impedance block 9 includes an impedance element 11 external to NFC module 2 and an impedance element 12 external to said NFC module and arranged in series with impedance element 11. Similarly, second impedance block 10 includes an impedance element 13 external to NFC module 2 and an impedance element 14 internal to said NFC module and arranged in series with impedance element 13.

In this embodiment, impedance element 12 is further coupled in parallel with a first switch 15. Similarly, impedance element 14 is further coupled in parallel with a second switch 16. Said first and second switches can be configured depending on the operating mode of said NFC device. For example, said first and second switches are configured to be closed when the NFC device operates in a powered by the field mode. This enables more power to be harvested from the external field by the powered by the field circuit. On the other hand, said switches are configured to be open when the NFC device is actively transmitting such as in a reader mode. By opening the switches, more current flows into the receiver of said NFC module, resulting in more output power when the NFC device is actively transmitting.

The NFC device of FIG. 6 is capable of operating in each of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode. In the card mode, the NFC device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) or passive load modulation (PLM) when it is actively transmitting. When active load modulation is performed, the powered by the field circuitry of said NFC device may be switched off in order not to degrade the RF performance. In the case that no power is supplied from a battery, the NFC device performs passive load modulation in the powered by the field card mode when the device is transmitting.

In one embodiment, the NFC device of FIG. 6 is incorporated into a mobile device, e.g., a mobile phone, and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

FIG. 7 is a fifth example embodiment of the NFC device using a differential antenna. As with the NFC device of FIG. 6, the NFC device of FIG. 7 is also fully differential and as such a Balun transformer is not required. The main difference between this embodiment and the embodiment of FIG. 6 lies in how the powered by the field circuit is being connected to said EMC filter as explained below.

As shown in FIG. 7, a first input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a first output terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block 9, and a second input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a second output terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block 10. In this embodiment, first impedance block 9 includes an impedance element 11 external to said NFC module, and second impedance block 10 includes an impedance element 13 external to said NFC module. Each of said first and second impedance elements may be one of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a combination thereof.

As depicted in FIG. 7, impedance element 11 is further arranged in series with a first switch 15, which is internal to the NFC module. Similarly, impedance element 13 is further arranged in series with a second switch 16, which is internal to the NFC module. Said first and second switches can be configured depending on the operating mode of said NFC device as explained previously.

The NFC device of FIG. 7 is capable of operating in each of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode. In the card mode, the NFC device is adapted to perform to active load modulation (ALM) or passive load modulation (PLM). In the case that power is not supplied by a battery, the NFC device performs passive load modulation in the powered by the field card mode when the device is transmitting.

The NFC device of FIG. 7 may be incorporated into a mobile device, e.g., a mobile phone, and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

FIG. 8 is a further example embodiment of an NFC device using a differential antenna. As with the NFC device of FIG. 6, the NFC device of FIG. 8 is also fully differential and as such it does not require the use of a Balun transformer. The main difference between this embodiment and the embodiment of FIG. 6 lies in how the powered by the field circuit is being connected to said EMC filter as explained below.

As shown in FIG. 8, a first input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a first output terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block 9, and a second input terminal of said powered by the field circuit is connected to a second output terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block 10. In this embodiment, first impedance block 9 includes an impedance element 11 external to said NFC module, and second impedance block 10 includes an impedance element 13 external to said NFC module. Each of said first and second impedance elements may be one of a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a combination thereof. It should be noted that this embodiment does not use one or more switches coupled between the powered by the field circuit and the EMC filter.

The NFC device of FIG. 8 is also capable of operating in each of a reader mode, a battery supplied card mode, and a powered by the field card mode. In the card mode, the NFC device is adapted to perform to either active load modulation (ALM) or passive load modulation (PLM) when the device is actively transmitting. In the case that power is not supplied by a battery, the NFC device performs passive load modulation in the powered by the field card mode when the device is transmitting.

Furthermore, the NFC device of FIG. 8 may be incorporated into a mobile device, e.g., a mobile phone, and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.

It should be noted that the powered by the field circuit incorporated in the above example embodiments is fully differential. However, it may also be implemented using either the high side bridge or the low side bridge.

It should be noted that whether an impedance element is internal or external to the NFC module is arbitrary. For example, the first example embodiment illustrates an impedance element internal to the NFC module and another impedance element external to the NFC module for each impedance block, whereas the second and third example embodiments illustrate an impedance element external to the NFC module. Alternative embodiment may be implemented using an impedance element internal to the NFC module only. Likewise, whether the switches (switches 15 and 16) are internal or external to the NFC module is also arbitrary.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. It is intended that the following claims cover all possible example embodiments.

In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The indefinite article “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 

1. A device for contactless communication comprising: an NFC module being adapted to generate an electromagnetic carrier signal and to modulate the carrier signal according to data to be transmitted; an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter coupled to said NFC module via output terminals of said NFC module; and an antenna circuit coupled to and driven by said NFC module with the modulated carrier signal; said NFC module including a powered by the field (PBF) circuit adapted to harvest energy from an external field to power said device; said powered by the field circuit having a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block; wherein said first impedance block includes a first impedance element internal to the NFC module and a second impedance element external to the NFC module, said first and second impedance elements being arranged in series; wherein said second impedance block includes a third impedance element internal to the NFC module and a fourth impedance element external to the NFC module, said third and fourth impedance elements being arranged in series; said device being adapted to be able to operate in a powered by the field card mode.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said first impedance element is further coupled to a first switch, said first impedance and said first switch being arranged in parallel; and wherein said third impedance element is further coupled to a second switch, said third impedance element and said second switch being arranged in parallel.
 4. The device of claim 3, wherein said first and second switches are configured to be closed when said device operates in the powered by the field card mode.
 5. The device of claim 3, wherein said first and second switches are configured to be open when said device operates in a reader mode.
 6. A device for contactless communication comprising: an NFC module being adapted to generate an electromagnetic carrier signal and to modulate the carrier signal according to data to be transmitted; an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter coupled to said NFC module via output terminals of said NFC module; and an antenna circuit coupled to and driven by said NFC module with the modulated carrier signal; said NFC module including a powered by the field (PBF) circuit adapted to harvest energy from an external field to power said device; said powered by the field circuit having a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of said EMC filter via a first impedance block and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of said EMC filter via a second impedance block; wherein said first impedance block includes a first impedance element external to the NFC module; wherein said second impedance block includes a second impedance element external to the NFC module; said device being adapted to be able to operate in a powered by the field card mode.
 7. The device of claim 6, wherein said first impedance element is further connected in series with a first switch, said first switch being internal to the NFC module; and wherein said second impedance element is further connected in series with a second switch, said second switch being internal to the NFC module.
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said antenna circuit is a single-end antenna.
 9. The device of claim 8, further comprising a balanced to unbalanced (Balun) transformer coupled between the EMC filter and the antenna circuit.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein said antenna circuit is a differential antenna.
 11. The device of claim 1, wherein said device is incorporated in a mobile device and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.
 12. The device of claim 1, wherein said device is adapted to be able to operate in a reader mode.
 13. The device of claim 1, wherein said device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) in a card mode.
 14. The device of claim 1, wherein said device is adapted to perform passive load modulation (PLM) in the powered by the field card mode.
 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is an NFC device. 16-20. (canceled)
 21. The device of claim 6, wherein said antenna circuit is a single-end antenna.
 22. The device of claim 21, further comprising a balanced to unbalanced (Balun) transformer coupled between the EMC filter and the antenna circuit.
 23. The device of claim 6, wherein said antenna circuit is a differential antenna.
 24. The device of claim 6, wherein said device is incorporated in a mobile device and adapted to be powered by the mobile device.
 25. The device of claim 6, wherein said device is adapted to perform active load modulation (ALM) in a card mode.
 26. The device of claim 6, wherein said device is adapted to perform passive load modulation (PLM) in the powered by the field card mode. 